Diabetes

Concept "diabetes"It is common to show a group of endocrine diseases that develop due to absolute or relative hormone deficiency in the bodyinsulin.In view of this condition, the patient shows himselfHyperglycemia- A significant increase in the amount of glucose in human blood.Diabetes mellitus is characterized by a chronic course.In the process of developing the disease, a violation of the overall metabolism occurs: it is violatedfatty,protein,carbohydrate,mineralAndwater saltexchange.According to WHO statistics, about 150 million people in the world of diabetes.In this way, not only a person, but also an animal, for example, a cat, it hurts with diabetes.

The meaning of the word "diabetes" from the Greek is "expired."Therefore, the concept of "diabetes mellitus" means "loss of sugar".In this case, the main sign of the disease is displayed - the excretion of sugar in the urine.To date, there have been many studies on the cause of the disease, however, the cause of the manifestation of the disease and its complications has not yet been established.

Type of diabetes

Diabetes mellitus sometimes occurs in humans as one of the manifestations of underlying disease.In this case, we talk aboutSymptomatic diabetesthat can happen to the background of defeatthyroidorpancreas gland,the adrenal gland,The pituitary gland.In addition, this form of diabetes develops as a result of treatment with several drugs.And if the treatment of the underlying disease is successful, then the diabetes heals.

Diabetes mellitus is usually divided into two forms: thisDiabetes type 1, that,Insulin -depending on, as well asDiabetes type 2, thatInsulin -depending on.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is most often shown in young people: as a rule, most of these patients are not thirty years old.About 10-15% of the total number of diabetic patients experienced a form of the disease.Diabetes mellitus in children shows itself primarily in this form.

The first type of diabetes is due to damage to the pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin.Frequently, these types of diabetes fall ill after viral disease -Mumps,Hepatitis virus,Rublich.Often the first type of diabetes occurs likeAutoimmune diseasebBecause of defects in the body's immune system.As a rule, in someone who is sick with the first type of diabetes, unhealthy depletion shows himself.In the blood, the sugar level increases significantly.Patients with the first type of diabetes depend on persistent insulin injection, which is important.

Among diabetics, overall, type 2 diabetes patients occur.At the same time, about 15% of patients with the form of the disease have normal weight, and everyone has weight gain.

Type 2 diabetes is growing, as a result of different causes.In this case, with beta cells, enough or too much insulin is produced, however, the tissues in the body lose the ability to receive signals in particular.In this case, insulin injection for survival is not required, but sometimes they are prescribed to control the patient's blood sugar.

The cause of diabetes

One of the forms of diabetes type 1-"Insulin -depends", the main cause of this form can be a complication after a virus infection, for example,common cold,herpes, as well asCholelithiasis.Factors contributing to type 2-"Insulin -depends", is a genetic tendency, as well as diseases of the endocrine system and obesity.

The main cause of manifestation of diabetes becomes affectedCarbohydrate metabolism, which is shown because of the pancreatic impairment to produce the right amount of insulin hormones or to produce the required quality insulin.There are many assumptions about the causes of such a situation.It is well known that diabetes is a non -disease.There is a theory that the cause of the disease is a genetic defect.It has been proven that higher risk of illness occurs in people who are close to diabetes.The probability of disease in people whose diabetes is diagnosed in both parents is very high.

Experts determine another important factor that directly affects the possibility of diabetesobesity.In this case, one is accessible to adjust his or her own weight, so you should treat this issue with all the seriousness.

Other provocative factors are some diseases, the result is defeatBeta cells.First of all, we talkpancreatitis,Other gland diseases of the internal secretion,Pancreatic cancer.

Viral infections can serve as a trigger mechanism for the onset of diabetes.Virus infection "launches" diabetes away from every case.However, people with a descendant character's tendency for diabetes and other arrangement factors have a higher risk of getting an infection.

In addition, doctors determine as a predisposing factor to factors.stressAnd emotional overstrain.Parents should remember the possibility of diabetes pain: the older one becomes, the greater the disease.

At the same time, many assumptions about the fact that with diabetes those who always like to eat a lot of sugars and sweet products are at risk of pain from a high probability of obesity among those people.

In more rare cases, diabetes mellitus in children and adults occurs as a result of certain hormone disorders in the body, as well as damage to the pancreas due to alcohol abuse or taking several drugs.

Another assumption shows the nature of the diabetes virus.Therefore, type 1 diabetes can be seen as a result of viral damage to pancreatic beta cells, producing insulin.In response, the immune system producesantibodythat is calledInsular.

However, to this day, there are many unclear points in the issue of determining the cause of diabetes.

Symptoms of diabetes

Symptoms of diabetes mellitus, first of all, are characterized by too intense urine production.One begins to urinate not only, but also a lot (a phenomenon calledPolyuria).In view of such a phenomenon, the patient has a veryStrong thirst.Together -She with urine, stand outglucose, someone loses calories.Therefore, the sign of diabetes mellitus will also be a strong appetite due to continuous hunger.

Another unpleasant phenomenon occurs as a symptom of diabetes: severe fatigue,Sleepy continuous, the presence of itching in the perineum.Patients can freeze the limbs, and the visual acuity gradually decreases.

The disease lasts, and the following signs of diabetes are shown.The patient notes that the wounds -their pain are worse, gradually -the body's life is barred as a whole.

It is important to take into account that the main signs of diabetes, which everyone should pay attention to, is the loss of vitality, continuous thirst, rapid excretion from the body with the fluid urine used.

However, at first, the symptoms of diabetes mellitus may not appear at all, and the disease can only be determined by laboratory tests.If the disease does not appear, and a slightly increased sugar content is detected in the blood and its presence in the urine occurs, then in a person is diagnosedPrediabetic state.It is a feature of a large number of people, and after ten to fifteen years, they have developed type 2 diabetes. In this case, insulin does not perform the separation functioncarbohydrate.As a result, glucose is too small to enter the bloodstream, which is a source of energy.

Diagnosis of diabetes

Diabetes mellitus manifests itself gradually, so the doctor distinguishes three periods of development.In people exposed to disease due to the presence of several risk factors, the period mentioned is indicatedPrediabetes.If the glucose is absorbed by a disorder, but the signs of the disease have not occurred, then the patient is diagnosed with the periodHidden diabetes.The third period is directly the development of the disease.

Laboratory tests are very important for diagnosis of diabetes in children and adults.While examining the urine, it was foundacetoneAndsugar.The fastest method for establishing a diagnosis is a blood test in which glucose content is determined.This, moreover, is the most reliable diagnostic method.

Higher research accuracy guarantees oral tolerance of glucose tolerance.Initially, it is necessary to determine the glucose level in the patient's blood on an empty stomach.After that, one should drink a glass of water where 75 grams of glucose are pre -lowered.After two hours, the second measurement was carried out.If the glucose content is from 3.3 to 7.0 mmol/l, then glucose tolerance is interrupted, with more than 11.1 mmol/l yield, the patient is diagnosed with diabetes.

In addition, during diagnosis of diabetes, blood tests are performedGlycogenydTo determine the average level of blood sugar over a long period of time (about 3 months).This method is also used to determine how effective diabetes treatment is in the last three months.

Diabetes treatment

Doctors prescribe comprehensive diabetes treatment to support normal blood glucose content.In this case, it is important to take into account that notHyperglycemia, that is, an increase in sugar levels, orHypoglycemia, that is, the fall.

Throughout the day, the glucose content should be at the same level.Such support allows us to prevent the manifestation of diabetes complications, which is life -threatening.Therefore, it is very important that the person himself carefully controls his own condition and the possible discipline for the therapy for the disease.Glucometer- This is a specially designed device, which makes it possible to measure glucose levels freely in the blood.To analyze, you should take a drop of blood from the finger and apply it to the test strip.

It is important that the treatment of diabetes in children and adults begins immediately after a person becomes a corresponding diagnosis.Doctors define methods for treating diabetes mellitus, as the type of diabetes of the patient occurs.

For type 1 diabetes treatment, it is important to provide lifelong hormone replacement therapy.For this, every day patients with the first type of diabetes are diagnosed should make insulin injections.There are no other treatment options in this case.Before the role of insulin was determined in 1921, diabetes did not provide treatment.

There is a specific classification of insulin, which is based on where the drug comes from, and what is the duration of action.DiscriminateBullish,porkAndhumanInsulin.Due to the detection of some side effects, cow insulin is used less frequently today.The closest structure to humans is pork insulin.The difference is thereAmino acid.The duration of insulin effects canShort,Average,Long.

As a rule, the patient produces insulin about 20-30 minutes before meals.It is inserted into the thighs, shoulders or subcutaneously stomach, while the injection site should be replaced on each injection.

When insulin enters the blood, it stimulates the process of glucose transition from blood to tissue.If there is an overdose, it is full of hypoglycemia.Symptoms of these conditions are as follows: the patient has trembling, enhanced sweat separation, quick heartbeat, one feels a strong weakness.In this case, one should quickly increase glucose levels, using a few tablespoons of sugar or a glass of sweet water.

Insulin administration schemes should be selected exclusively by experts, taking into account all the features of the body, as well as the image of his life.The selection of daily doses of insulin is made so that it corresponds to physiological norms.Two times the doses of hormones are received in the morning and evening, one third in the afternoon and at night.There are several different schemes for the introduction of the injection, the possibility of the use of the doctor.Insulin dose correction may depend on several factors (diet, physical load, features -carbohydrate metabolism).An important role in determining optimal insulin intake is given to glucose -free measurement and keep a record of self -supervision.

In this case, the same diet in diabetes is essential.It is important that patients take food according to a special scheme: three main foods and three extra.The power supply for diabetes takes into account the fact that the blood glucose content is most increased with carbohydrates.However, severe use restrictions are not required.Subject to normal human weight, it is important to take into account the amount of carbohydrates to choose the right dose of insulin.

If a person has a second type of diabetes diabetes, then at the beginning of the disease, you cannot take the drug at all.In this case, the diabetes diet is important, which provides a reduction in the use of simple carbohydrates and competent approaches to physical work.If diabetes lasts, drug therapy is required.The doctor prescribes treatment with sugar -free medicine.She chose the appropriate remedy from the derivativesSulfonelmochevina,Prandial glycemia regulator.They help increase sensitivity to fabric insulinBiguanides(Medicines also lower the absorption of glucose in the intestine) andThiazolidindo.In the absence of treatment effects with the prescribed medication, the patient is prescribed by insulin therapy.

With diabetes, folk recipes are also practiced that stimulate blood sugar.For this purpose, herbal decoctions with such properties are used.These are a piece of blueberries, hemp seeds, leaf belts, laurel sheets, juniper and rosehip fruits, burdock roots, dioecious leaves, and more.Herbal decoctions are taken several times a day before meals.

Power supply for diabetes

For patientssugarDiabetes type 1The main treatment of diabetes is insulin injection, and diet works in addition to drug treatment, while for patientsDiabetes type 2- Diet -based diet is a major treatment method.Due to the normal function of diabetes development affectedpancreas, which leads to a decline in insulin production, which is involved in the body's sugar assimilation, so proper nutrition and diet are very important.Diet for diabetes is used to normalize carbohydrate metabolism and to prevent fat metabolism.

What to eat:

• Frequent and common foods (as good as4-5 timesEvery day, at the same time), it is advisable to distribute evenly the use of carbohydrates according to food;
• Food must be richmacro-Andmicroelements(zinc, calcium, phosphorus, potassium), as well asVitamin(Vitamins of group B, A, P, ascorbic acid, retinol, riboflavin, thiamine);
• Food should be changed;
• sugarIt should be replacedsorbitol, xilitis, fructose, aspartamorsugarwhich can be added to appropriate food and drinks;
• You can use before1.5 litersdaily liquid;
• Priority should be given to difficult to digest carbohydrates (vegetables, fruits, bread from coarse flour), products containing fiber (raw vegetables, nuts, nuts, oats), and limiting the use of products rich in yellow cholesterol -egg yolk, liver, kidneys;
• Diet must be strictly observed so as not to trigger the development or hunting of the disease.

Diet for diabetes does not prohibit sugar, and in some cases recommend the following products in the diet:

• Black or specialDiabetes bread(200-300 grate daily);
• Vegetable soup, cabbage soup, okroshki, beet;
• Soup provided on meat soup can be eaten 2 times a week;
• Low fat meat (beef, beef, rabbit), chicken (turkey, chicken), fish (pike perch, cod, pike) (about 100-150 grams a day) in the form of boiled, roasted or poured;
• Useful cereal dishes (buckwheat, oats, millets), and pasta, nuts can be eaten daily;
• Potatoes, carrots and beets - no more than 200 g.a day;
• The rest of the vegetables -cabbage, including colored, cucumber, spinach, tomatoes, eggplant, and vegetables, can be eaten without restrictions;
• Eggs can be no more than 2 pieces;
• 200-300 gr.On apple day, orange, lemon, maybe in the form of juice with pulp;
• Dairy products (kefir, yogurt) -1-2 cups a day, and cheese, milk and sour cream-with the truth of the doctor;
• Low fat cottage cheese is recommended to eat daily at 150-200 gr.a day in any form;
• From fat daily can be eaten up to 40 g.Warm butter and vegetable oil.

From the drink, it is allowed to drink black tea, green, weak coffee, juice, compoters from acidic varieties with the addition of xilitis or sorbitol, boiling rosehip, and mineral water.

It is important for people with diabetes.Carbohydrates are easy to digest.Such products include sugar, honey, jam, sugar -gula, sugar -gula, chocolate.The use of cakes, muffins, from fruits - bananas, raisins, wine is limited.In addition, it is worth minimizing the useFatty food, first of all, fat, vegetables and butter, fatty meat, sausages, mayonnaise.In addition, it is best to exclude fried, sharp, spicy and smoke dishes, sharp snacks, salted and oranges, creams, alcohol from diet.Salt salt daily can be eaten no more than 12 g.

Diet for diabetes

The diet in diabetes must be observed without fail.The features of diet in diabetes in this case imply the normalization of carbohydrate metabolism in the human body and at the same time facilitate the function of the pancreas.Diet does not include carbohydrates easily digested, limiting their usefat.People with diabetes should take a lot of vegetables, but at the same time the cholesterol limit containing food and salt.The food should be roasted and cooked.

Diabetic patients are recommended to eat lots of cabbage, tomatoes, zucchini, herbs, cucumbers, beets.From sugar, diabetic patients can eat xylit, sorbitol, fructose.At the same time, it is necessary to limit the amount of potatoes, bread, cereals, carrots, fat, honey.

It is forbidden to eat sugar -sugar -gula, chocolate, sugar -gula, jam, bananas, spicy, smoke, ram and pork fat, mustard, alcohol, grapes, raisins.

You always need to take food at the same time, eating food is inaccessible.Food should contain a lot of fiber.To do this, periodically should include legumes, rice, oats, buckwheat in the diet.Every day, diabetic patients should drink plenty of fluids.

Diet No.9

Dietetologists develop a special diet that is recommended as a major nutrition for diabetes.Diet Features No.9 is that it can be tailored to the individual's individual tastes, adding or excluding several dishes as required.The diet in diabetes creates conditions to normalize carbohydrate metabolism, help maintain the patient's performance, and be developed taking into account the severity of the disease, the joint disease, heavy, and energy costs.There is also a diet.9a, which is used as a basis for dietary arrangement ina mild form of diabetes.As well as in the form of obesity equal to various degrees in patients who do not receive insulin, and No.9b, with increased norms of protein consumption, for patients with severe diabetes, which receives diabetes insulin treatment and has additional physical activity.Heavy formsOften complicated by liver disease, gall bladder, pancreas.

Diet No.9Includes about such a diet:

• First breakfast(for work, 7am): buckwheat porridge, meat patch, or low cottage cheese;Tea on Xlet, bread with butter.
• Lunch(At lunch time, 12 hours a day): cottage cheese, 1 cup of kefir.
• Dinner(After work, 17 hours a day): Vegetable soup, potatoes with boiled meat, an apple or orange.Or: rubbish cabbage soup, boiled meat with boiled carrots, tea on xylita.
• Dinner(20 hours in the evening): boiled fish with cabbage, or potato pin, boil rosehip.
• Before going to bed, a glass of kefir or yogurt.

Diabetes prevention

Diabetes prevention provides the healthiest maintenance of lifestyle.You cannot allow extra pounds, regularly exercise and play sports.Everyone should reduce the use of fats and sugars.If a person is forty years old or in his or her family there are cases of diabetes, then the prevention of diabetes sugar provides a regular blood sugar test.

You should try to take a lot of fruits and vegetables daily, including more products in your diet with complex carbohydrate content.Equally important to monitor how much salt and sugar enter a day -day diet - in this case, abuse is not allowed.There should be many products that contain vitamins in the diet.

In addition, for the prevention of diabetes, it is important to stay in a state of mental balance, to avoid stressful situations.In addition, infringement of carbohydrate metabolism is shown due to increased pressure, so it is very important to prevent this condition first.

A complication of diabetes

The complications of diabetes shown if diabetes treatment is not performed is a specific danger to human health and life, or it is done incorrectly.Due to such complications, fatal outcomes often occur.It is common to distinguish between acute complications of diabetes, which develops rapidly in patients, as well as late complications, which occurred several years later.

Acute diabetes complications are indicatedcomma: In the state, the patient loses consciousness, he has violated the function of several organs - liver, kidneys, heart, nervous system.Reason -The cause of coma development is a strong changeacidityBlood, a violation of the ratio of salt and water in the body, manifestations of lactic acid in large quantities, a sharp decrease in blood glucose levels.

As a complication of late diabetes, damage to small vessels and eyes often occurs.If a large ship is affected, then the incident may occurstroke,myocardial infarction,Gangrene legs.The human nervous system also suffers.