Symptoms and signs of diabetes sugar

Diabetes mellitus is a dangerous disease in which blood glucose content increases.When digesting food, carbohydrates and proteins are decomposed to simple sugars and amino acids.The liver converts all sugars and some amino acids into glucose, which is used as a source of energy with each body.Glucose enters the blood into the cell with insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas (a pear -shaped organ located below the stomach).Attaching to receptors on the cell membrane surface, insulin promotes the introduction of proteins that transport glucose from the cell depth to the surface, where it is connected to the glucose and takes it to the cell.With diabetes mellitus, this process occurs some disruption: insulin production with pancreas can be partly or completely disturbed or the body may not respond effectively to the amount of normal insulin.

Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous disease and is found in two forms: first type diabetes or "insulin -dependent" and second type diabetes or "insulin -dependent". In the first type of diabetes, also known as young diabetes, the pancreas produces a little insulin or does not produce it at all.

This type of diabetes develops suddenly and is most often found in people under the age of 30;The average age of the beginning is between 12 and 14 years.However, the first type of diabetes is about 5 percent of all cases of diabetes.The second type of diabetes, also known as adult diabetes, is much more common.In this type of diabetes, the production of insulin pancreas is slightly reduced, but cells cannot respond effectively to insulin, so the disease is considered to be insulin resistance.The second type of diabetes usually starts at a level and affects people over the age of 40 and especially people, one of the risks factors is older than 50.Sometimes in adults, the first type of diabetes can be observed.

The main causes of diabetes development are: hereditary tendency, pancreatic disease, excessive eating (read - the same pancreatic load, liver and gastrointestinal tract), excess carbohydrate use (sugar, sugar, jam, cake, chocolate and more), animal fat, alcohol.In some cases, diabetes mellitus can occur due to mental trauma, poisoning or intoxication (including medicine).

With both types of diabetes, hyperglycemia leads to the release of glucose into the urine, which is accompanied by increased urine production.If the first type of diabetes patients are prescribed the wrong amount of insulin, excess fatty acids from adipose tissue will lead to the advantage of ketone body production.The accumulation of ketone body can cause a life -threatening condition known as diabetes ketoacitosis.Diabetes ketoacitosis is sometimes available in second -type diabetes patients during periods when the body is experiencing strong tension, for example, during severe infectious diseases.

People with second -type diabetes are vulnerable to other life -threatening diseases, known as hyperosmotic unethical conditions, characterized by very high blood sugar levels.The disease is usually found in the elderly with other serious illnesses.Diabetes ketoacitosis attacks or hyperosmotic conditions may be the first sign of diabetes.

People with diabetes can also have low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) if they administer too much insulin during treatment.

After 10-20 years of diabetes, the patient may have complications, for example, visual disorders, kidney damage and deterioration of the peripheral nervous system (neuropathy).Strict control of the blood glucose content can withstand or prevent the appearance of these complications.Loss of contact in the foot can cause the fact that the damage will be left unattended, and the infection will occur.

Symptom

What signs can be said that you have diabetes, or indicate that there is a danger of the incident?

• Excessive and frequent defects (about hourly).Rise at night to urinate.The body, to remove excess sugar, emits it through the kidneys in the urine.
• Strong thirst or increased need to drink plenty of fluids.It is due to the fact that glucose levels increase in the blood, which "removes" fluid from tissues, dehydration tissue.Therefore, patients have to drink a lot: 2-3-5 liters a day or more.
• Itching -skin and genitalia.
• Dry mouth.
• Poor wound healing.
• Initially, the weight of the weight, then reduced it due to a violation of food absorption, especially carbohydrates.
• Reduces immunity - frequent infections from colds and flu to pneumonia.
• Sometimes the disease is preceded by "strange" conditions: due to short forced hunger or after intensive physical activity, headache, pale, sweat praise, and general weakness may occur.As soon as a person eats, he drinks at least a cup of sweet tea, all the symptoms quickly.Indirectly, this may indicate pancreatic damage: insulin enters the blood more than normal, and the sugar level decreases below the allowed unit-3-3.5.
• Increased appetite.
• Uncontrolled weight loss.
• Poor vision.
• Fatigue and weakness.
• Frequent or persistent infections of the bladder, skin or gums.
• Numbness and tingling in the feet and hands.
• Signs of hypoglycemia.
• Strong symptoms of non -hyperosmotic non -Non -Hyperosmotic conditions: Extraordinary thirst, fatigue, weakness, confusion of consciousness, coma.
• Strong symptoms of diabetes ketoacidosis: nausea and vomiting, shortness of breath, confusion, coma.

The symptoms described in 40-90% of diabetic patients are far before the diagnosis is made.But there are also "non -human" symptoms, an incident that leads to increased blood sugar:

The skin gradually dry, wrinkles, palms and rough feet, skin, thickened nails, dry and brittle hair, in the feet -feet grow and disappear completely, on the skin, due to general immunity, pustular rash, boils, carbohydrates, recidivates, appearing in the need to test blood sugar in patients.Often, the skin is affected by fungus, eczema, lichen.

1. Appearance and development of vascular disorders - the development of atherosclerosis, hypertension, angina pectoris, decreased memory (suffering brain vessels);
2. Changes in diabetes in blood vessels (retinopathy), reduction in vision;
3. Reduction of kidney function (nephropathy, pyelonephritis);
4. Diabetes feet ("feet in cold burning and warming warm" - a violation of blood supply to the lower leg);
5. Sometimes the character (mental disorders) changes;
6. One of the signs of diabetes is gum wounds -periodontitis, bleeding, blue gums, and teeth start to flow, sometimes leaving their laws without pain.
7. Diabetes mellitus affects the internal secretion gland.Men lose women's interest, they are reduced not only by Libido, but also to the potential.In women, the menstrual cycle is "lost", it occurs that menstruation is completely gone.

That is why diabetes mellitus is called endocrine exchange disease with pancreatic lesions, characterized by increased blood sugar and violations of all types of metabolism in the body.

In diabetes mellitus, antibet, diabetes mellitus hidden and its own (explicit) diabetes is distinguished.The latter is shown in the severity of light, simple and severe.

With pre -anctibet, hidden diabetes and light diabetes, nutrition is one of the therapeutic factors.And in a simple and severe form - the conditions needed for successful treatment and maintain an acceptable quality of life.

In addition, people with diabetes are more vulnerable to narrowing of the coronary artery and narrowing the blood vessels that supply the brain and feet.The combination of infectious diseases and reducing blood supply can cause gangrene (tissue death), which requires amputation.

The first type of diabetes treatment requires one to four daily insulin injections.(Insulin should not be taken orally, as digestive juice destroys it.) In addition, it is necessary to adhere to the diet and to practice so that the blood glucose level is not too high or too low.For second type diabetes, a combination of diet, exercise and weight loss can be used, although medications (including insulin) are also usually required.Treatment largely depends on self -control.Although there is no way to cure diabetes, almost all patients can control their symptoms and live a full life.

• The first type of diabetes is an autoimmune disease caused by a wrong attack on the immune system in the pancreatic cells that produce insulin.
• With the second tin diabetes, genetic factors are important.
• Excessive perfection makes people exposed to the development of second type diabetes.
• Some drugs, such as corticosteroids or diuretic thiazides, can increase the risk of developing second type diabetes.
• Other diseases, such as hemochromatosis, chronic pancreatitis, kushing syndrome or acromegaly, can cause diabetes.The removal of pancreatic surgery can also trigger diabetes.
• Pregnant women may experience diabetes, which usually disappears after giving birth.These women are at risk for developing a second type of diabetes in the future.
• Contrary to existing opinions, the use of large amounts of sweet does not contribute to the development of diabetes.

The general principle of nutrition in diabetes is reduced to simple rules.

The calorie content of the diet should be reduced to 2000-2200 kcal by reducing the use of simple carbohydrates: sugar, cakes, ice cream, chocolate, candy, jam, pasta, rice, honey and similar products.Black bread, legumes, vegetables, fruits are complex carbohydrates (except bananas, grapes, watermelons), and their use is allowed in normal limits.This seafood is useful because of the high quality protein and minerals obtained in it, especially the zinc-components needed for insulin production.Peanuts in zinc content, are essential for diabetic patients, and copper is a champion among vegetables.The use of beans reduces thirst, and with the presence of atherosclerosis equals heart rhythm - restores normal rhythm!

It is recommended to eat 3-4 times a day.Between food, drink water.It should be limited by the intake of daily sodium salts up to 10 g, animals and vegetable fats -up to 50 g, as well as reducing the use of dairy products with high fat content (cheese, ice cream, cream, sour cream), meat, sausage, smoke spots, chocolate, cakes, halva, caviar, giblet, giblet and skin.

Prevention

• To prevent the development of the second type of diabetes, you must lose weight if your weight exceeds the norm of more than 20 percent, and maintains normal weight.
• Exercise regularly.
• There is no well -known way to prevent first type diabetes.
• People with any type of diabetes should regularly have eye exams for early detection and diabetes treatment of visual disorders.

Diagnostics

• Medical history and physical examination can provide the basis for the presence of the presence of the disease.
• Diagnosis can be made if a blood test on an empty stomach shows a high level of glucose (126 mg/dl or higher) at least twice.
• When the test results are vague, samples on glucose tolerance can be made.Patients drink drinks containing 75 g of glucose, and then blood glucose content is measured every 30 minutes for two hours.
• Urine analysis can be taken to determine the protein content.
• Measure blood glycogemoglobin;It shows the average content of glucose in the blood for the past two to three months.

For the first type of diabetes:

• Insulin daily injections are required.It takes one to four daily injections to control glucose levels in the blood.There are long medications and quick action, and they are often prescribed in combination.
• Strict diets and dining schedules are needed to maintain the desired glucose levels in the blood.Your doctor may recommend foods with low fat, salt and cholesterol and can advise you to visit nutritionists for food planning.
• Because both physical and insulin exercises reduce glucose levels, insulin training and introduction should be designed so that the effects are not used and do not cause a dangerous decrease in blood sugar (hypoglycemia).
• Strict injection, eating and training schedules are required to control the right disease.

For second type diabetes:

• Low and low food consumption -Calors in combination with proper training performance are required to control weight.
• Medications taken orally can be expressed to increase the production of insulin pancreas, if training and diet do not experience sufficient blood glucose.
• Other oral medications can reduce insulin resistance or slow the absorption of sugar from the intestine.
• Insulin injection can be required for a strong attack of a second type of diabetes or if the second type of diabetes has another disease.

For both types of diabetes:

• Blood tests are required to measure glucose levels, from one to four times a day (depending on the doctor's recommendation).Your doctor will advise you which device can be used at home to measure blood sugar.
• Special attention should be paid to the development of atherosclerosis, as it is often combined with diabetes.Diabetic patients should not smoke, should eat low fat, cholesterol and salt and take medication for high blood pressure or high cholesterol.
• People with diabetes should drink large amounts of water when they are sick with other diseases, for example, flu, to fill the missing fluid and prevent diabetes coma.During the disease, people with first -type diabetes should check urine for ketone body every four to six hours.
• People with diabetes should take care of their feet and examine them daily.Nervous damage in diabetes reduces leg sensitivity, and minor damage can lead to serious infectious diseases.
• Photocoagulation laser to prevent the rupture of small blood vessels in the eyes can help prevent or cure diabetes retinopathy.Most diabetic patients need to examine the eyes with an eye specialist at least once a year to detect the first manifestation of retinopathy.
• Dialysis, the process of artificial blood filtration, may be required for kidney failure.In serious cases, kidney transplantation may be required,
• Clear control of glucose levels in the blood maintains or prevents subsequent complications that affect the eyes, kidneys and nervous system.
• Kidney damage can be slowed down when controlling blood pressure.

When you need a doctor

• Contact your doctor if you see an increase in a sudden or gradual increase in hunger, thirst or you increase the amount of urine produced.
• Contact your doctor if you have diabetes and at the same time get sick with your nose or flu, which has taken blood sugar levels from control.Do not use drugs sold without a prescription without consulting a doctor.
• Attention!Call an ambulance if diabetic patients lose consciousness.Tell the doctor that someone is diabetic.
• Attention!(In the second type of diabetes.) Contact an ambulance immediately if you have symptoms of non -hyperosmotic conditions;They include severe thirst, fatigue, weakness and confusion.
• Attention!(In the first type of diabetes.) Contact an ambulance immediately if you have symptoms of diabetes ketoacitosis;They include dry mouth, dry and red skin, sweet or with aroma of mouth, difficulty breathing, vomiting and abdominal pain in combination with excessive urination and severe thirst (or without).
• Attention!,